Reference List
Altman, I & Taylor, D A (1973). Social Penetration: The Development of
Interpersonal Relationships. Holt, Rinehart & Winston: New York.
Benedikt, M (1991). Cyberspace: First Steps. The MIT Press: Cambridge.
Burgess, R L (1981). Relationships in Marriage and the Family. In Duck, S &
Gilmour, R (eds) (1981a). Personal Relationships 1: Studying Personal
Relationships. Academic Press: London.
Burkitt, I (1991). Social Selves: Theories of the Social Formation of
Personality. Sage Publications: London.
Cate, R M & Lloyd, S A (1988). Courtship. In Duck, S (ed). Handbook of
Personal Relationships: Theory, Research and Interventions. John Wiley &
Sons: Chichester.
Chelune, G J & Assoc (1979). Self Disclosure: Origins, Patterns and
Implications of Openness in Interpersonal Relationships. Jossey-Bass
Publishers: San Fransico.
Daniels, T D & Spiker, B K (1991). Perspectives on Organizational
Communication. (2nd Ed). Wm C Brown Publishers: Indiana.
Duck, S & Gilmour, R (eds) (1981a). Personal Relationships 1: Studying
Personal Relationships. Academic Press: London.
Duck, S & Miell, D (1984). Towards a Comprehension of Friendship
Development and Breakdown. In Tajfel, H (ed). The Social Dimension:
Volume 1. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Elias, N (1978). What is Sociology? Hutchinson: London.
Easthope, A (1986). What a Man's Gotta Do. Paladin: London.
Forgas, J P (1989). Interpersonal Behaviour: The Psychology of Social
Interaction. Pergamon Press: Sydney.
Fuller, R (1994). Human-Computer-Human Interaction: How Computers
Affect Interpersonal Communication. The Arachnet Electronic Journal on
Virtual Culture, Vol 2, No 2.
Gilbert, P & Taylor, S (1991). Fashioning the Feminine: Girls, Popular Culture
and Schooling. Allen & Unwin: Australia.
Goffman, I (1969). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Penguin Books:
Australia.
Gray, A (1992). Video Play Time - The Gendering of a Leisure Technology.
Routledge: London.
Hiltz, S R, Johnson, K & Turoff, M (1986). Experiments in Group Decision
Making: Communication Process and Outcome in Face-to-Face Versus
Computerized Conferences. Human Communication Research, Vol 13, No 2,
pp 225-252.
Hiltz, S R & Turoff, M (1978). The Network Nation. Addison-Wesley:
Reading, MA.
Hobfoll, S E & Stokes, J P (1988). The Processes and Mechanics of Social
Support. In Duck, S (ed). Handbook of Personal Relationships: Theory,
Research and Interventions. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester.
Jansen, S C (1989). Gender and the Information Society: A Socially
Structured Silence. Journal of Communication, Vol 39, No 3.
Jonas helps ensure Internet is truly global. (14 June, 1994). The Australian.
Kapor, M (1993). Where is the Digital Highway Really Heading? The Case for
a Jeffersonian Information Policy. Wired, July, p 53-59, 94.
Kapor, M (1994). Open Platform Campaign: Public Policy for the Information
Age. Available by FTP from ftp.eff.org.
Levinger, G & Snoek, J D (1972). Attraction in Relationships. General
Learning Press: Morristown.
Littlejohn, S W (1989). Theories of Human Communication. (3rd Ed).
Wadsworth Publishing Company: Belmont.
McCarthy, B (1981). Studying Personal Relationships. In Duck, S & Gilmour,
R (eds) (1981a). Personal Relationships 1: Studying Personal Relationships.
Academic Press: London.
Meyrowitz, J (1985). No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on
Social Behaviour. Oxford University Press: New York.
Morton, T L & Douglas, M A (1981). Growth of Relationships. In Duck, S &
Gilmour, R (eds) (1981b). Personal Relationships 2: Studying Personal
Relationships. Academic Press: London.
Poon, S (1993). Internet Relay Chat (IRC). - A Real-Time Multi-User
Computer Collaborative Learning Medium. In Nunan, T (ed). Distance
Education Futures, Selected Papers from the 11th Biennial Forum of the
Australian and South Pacific External Studies Association 21-23 July, 1993,
University of South Australia.
Reid, E (1991). Electropolis: Communication and Community on Internet
Relay Chat. Unpublished Honours Thesis for the University of Melbourne,
Department of History.
Reid, E (1993). Cultural Formations in Text-Based Virtual Realities.
Unpublished Masters Thesis for the University of Melbourne, Cultural Studies
Program, Department of English.
Rheingold, H (1994). The Virtual Community: Finding Connection in a
Computerised World. Secker & Warburg: London.
Rice, R E (1984). The New Media: Communication, Research and
Technology. Sage Publications: Beverly Hills.
Rice, R E & Love, G (1987). Electronic Emotion: Socioemotional Content in
a Computer Mediated Network. Communication Research, Vol 14, no 2, pp
85-108.
Rice, R E (1989). Issues and Concepts in Research on Computer-Mediated
Communication Systems. Communication Yearbook 12, pp 436-476.
Short, J, Williams, E & Christie, B (1976). The Social Psychology of
Telecommunication. Wiley: London.
Spender D (1994). Speech for the Sixth International Feminist Bookfair,
Melbourne. In Women could miss information society (2 August, 1994). The
Australian, p 23.
Sproull, L & Keisler, S (1991). Connections: New Ways of Working in the
Networked Organisation. The MIT Press: Cambridge.
Steinfield, C W (1986). Computer-Mediated Communication in an
Organisational Setting: Explaining Task-related and Socioemotional Issues.
Communication Yearbook 9, pp 777-804.
Stone, A R (1991). Will the Real Body Please Stand Up?: Boundary Stories
about Virtual Cultures. In Benedikt, M (1991). Cyberspace: First Steps. The
MIT Press: Cambridge.
Sutton, L (1994). Incommunicada. Inquisitor, pp 38-41.
Turkle, S (1984). The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. Simon
& Shuster: New York.
Walther, J B (1992). Interpersonal Effects in Computer-mediated Interaction:
A Relational Perspective. Communication Research, Vol 19, No 1, pp 52-90.
Walther, J B & Burgoon, J K (1992). Relational Communication in
Computer-Mediated Communication. Human Communication Research, Vol
19, No 1, pp 50-88.
William, G (1984). Neuromancer. Ace: New York.
APPENDIX
As a part of the research for my thesis on relationship formation on IRC, I am conducting a survey. The thesis will look at the many different types and the way relationships form on IRC. I would appreciate it if you could complete the following questions and return it to me ASAP. Your return email will be stripped of all headers and signatures to assure anonymity. Please email responses to: ebyrne\@st.nepean.uws.edu.au
Thank you for your time :-)\
1. Age: __ under 15 __ 15-18 __ 19-25 __ 26-40 __ 40 and above
2. Gender: __ M __ F
3(a). Occupation: _____________________________________________
(b) If a Student what is your major area of study? ___________________
4. What type of computer mediated communication do you use?
(Please mark all that apply)
__ IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
__ email
__ "talk"
__ network news
__ MUDs (Multi-User Dungeons)
__ other (please specify) _______________________________________
* If you selected IRC, please answer the following questions*
5. How often do you use IRC?
__ daily
__ weekly
__ monthly
__ other (please specify) ________________________________________
6(a). Do you msg on IRC? __ Yes __ No
(b) If yes, how often?
__ seldom
__ frequently
__ other (please specify) _______________________________________
7(a). Do you frequent a particular channel(s)? __ Yes __ No
(b) If yes, which type of channel(s) do you frequent? (Mark all that apply)
__ computer related (#unix, #macintosh, #linux, etc)
__ nationality (#aussies, #canada, etc)
__ sex related (#sex, #hottub, #gblf, etc)
__ general talk (#talk, #chat, etc)
__ religious (#christian, #islam, etc)
__ other (please specify) ________________________________________
8. What would you see as constituting a relationship on IRC?
__ talking with someone once
__ talking with someone a few times
__ regular talking over a period of time
__ other (please specify) ________________________________________
9(a). Have you ever formed relationships on IRC? __ Yes __ No
(b) If yes, what type of relationships have you formed? (Mark all which
apply)
__ friendship
__ love
__ net sex
__ business
__ information exchange
__ a contact
__ other (please specify) _________________________________________
10(a). Have all your relationships stayed purely on IRC? __ Yes __ No
(b) If no, in what areas have they expanded into? (Mark all that apply)
__ letters
__ telephone
__ exchanged photos
__ real life meeting
__ other CMC
__ socialising on a regular basis
__ other (please specify) ________________________________________
11. What is it about people on IRC that make you want to talk to them?
(Mark in order of significance - 1 being most significant)
__ nick
__ user name
__ country
__ channel
__ other (please specify) ________________________________________
12. How do you typically start a conversation with someone on IRC? (Mark
in order of frequency of use - 1 being most frequent)
__ say hello
__ make a witty comment
__ remark on something you both have in common
__ ask a question
__ someone else introduced you to them
__ other (please specify) ________________________________________
13. What sort of information are you willing to disclose to someone in a first
encounter? (Mark in order of willingness - 1 being most willing)
__ gender
__ race
__ age
__ occupation
__ physical location
__ sexual preference
__ personal problems
__ other (please specify) ________________________________________
14(a). Do you think that people act differently on IRC than in real life?
__ Yes __ No
(b) If yes, why do you think this is? (Mark all that apply)
__ they don't like who they are
__ it is easier to be someone you aren't on IRC
__ its fun to trick people
__ other (please specify) ________________________________________
15(a). Do you ever pretend to be someone you are not on IRC?
__ Yes __ No
(b) If yes, why is this? __________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
16. What things in a conversation will make you want to talk to someone
again? (Mark in order of significance)
__ they sound "nice"
__ they sound intelligent
__ they treat you with respect
__ you have something in common
__ they were able to help you with a problem
__ other (please specify) _________________________________________
17. What things in a conversation will make you not want to talk to someone
again? (Mark in order of significance)
__ they are condescending
__ they make sexual advances
__ they are rude
__ they disclose too much information about themselves
__ they ask too many questions
__ you didn't have anything in common
__ other (please specify) ________________________________________
18(a). Is there a difference between your IRC relationships and your real life
relationships?
__ Yes __ No
(b) What makes them different? ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
(c) Why do you think this is so? ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Thank you again for taking the time to fill out this survey.
If you would like to, please make any additional comments about
relationships on IRC at the bottom of the survey.
Also, if you would like to be interviewed about a particular
relationship you have had on IRC, please contact me in a separate email.
Elisabeth Byrne
University of Western Sydney, Nepean
ebyrne\@st.nepean.uws.edu.au
lisabeth\@sydgate.apana.org.au
HTML By Stephen Gillies.
Stephen Gillies presently works as a Web Contractor for Magnadata
Internet Service Providers.